Handbook

From the mid-eighteenth century, the world was witness to revolutionary political, economic and social changes. Across the globe, people were re-examining the place of religion, education, gender, class, and more in society. They were rethinking democracy, industry, technology and mobility. With the rise of nationalism, new nation-states vied with old empires for their share in global wealth, power and status. Scientific ideas about categories including race were used to underpin group and national identities. In this subject, we examine the unprecedented historical upheaval and revolutionary transformations taking place from 1750 to 1914, the eve of a devastating international conflict, to understand the emergence of the modern world